ʻO Cobalt kahi metala i hoʻohana ʻia i loko o nā pihi uila kaʻa.ʻO ka nūhou e hoʻohana ana ʻo Tesla i nā ʻona "cobalt-free", akā he aha ke ʻano o ka "kumu" cobalt?E hōʻuluʻulu au mai ka ʻike kumu āu e makemake ai e ʻike.
ʻO kona inoa ʻo Conflict Minerals Derived from Demon
ʻIke ʻoe i ka ʻeleʻele kobalt?ʻAʻole wale i loko o nā pihi o nā kaʻa uila (EVs) a me nā smartphones, akā hoʻohana pū ʻia i nā ʻāpana metala cobalt kūʻokoʻa e like me nā ʻenekini jet a me nā drill bits, nā mea hoʻokalakupua no nā mea haʻiʻōlelo, a, kahaha, ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻaila.Ua kapa ʻia ʻo Cobalt ma hope o ka "Kobold," he monster i ʻike pinepine ʻia i loko o ka hale paʻahao ʻepekema moʻolelo, a ua manaʻoʻiʻo ʻia i ka wā kahiko ʻo ʻEulopa ua hoʻolei lākou i ka kilokilo ma nā mines e hana i nā metala paʻakikī a me nā mea ʻawaʻawa.pololei kēnā.
I kēia manawa, inā he mau monsters i loko o ka maina, he mea ʻawaʻawa ka cobalt a hiki ke hoʻopilikia i ke olakino e like me ka pneumoconiosis inā ʻaʻole ʻoe e ʻaʻahu i nā lako pale ponoʻī.A ʻoiai ʻo ka Democratic Republic of Congo e hoʻopuka ana ma mua o ka hapalua o ka cobalt o ka honua, kahi mine liʻiliʻi (Artisanal mine) kahi e ʻeli ai ka poʻe ʻilihune me ka hana ʻole i nā lua me nā mea hana maʻalahi me ka ʻole o ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa palekana.), Hoʻomaka pinepine ʻia nā ulia pōpilikia, koi ʻia nā keiki e hana no ka manawa lōʻihi me ka uku haʻahaʻa ma kahi o 200 yen i kēlā me kēia lā, a ʻo Amatsu kekahi kumu kālā no nā pūʻali koa, no laila aia ka cobalt me ke gula, tungsten, tin, a tantalum., Ua kapa ʻia ʻo ia nā minela hakakā.
Eia nō naʻe, me ka hoʻolaha ʻana o nā EV a me nā pā lithium-ion, i nā makahiki i hala iho nei ua hoʻomaka nā hui honua e noiʻi inā hoʻohana ʻia ka cobalt e nā ala kūpono ʻole, me ke kaulahao lako o ka cobalt oxide a me ka cobalt hydroxide.
No ka laʻana, ke komo nei nā poʻe pilikua pākahiko CATL a me LG Chem i ka "Responsible Cobalt Initiative (RCI)" i alakaʻi ʻia e Kina, e hana nui ana e hoʻopau i ka hana keiki.
I ka makahiki 2018, ua hoʻokumu ʻia ka Fair Cobalt Alliance (FCA), kahi hui kālepa cobalt fair, ma ke ʻano he hana e hoʻolaha ai i ka ʻike a me ka pono o ke kaʻina hana kobalt mining.ʻO ka poʻe i komo pū me Tesla, ka mea e hoʻopau ana i nā pākahi lithium-ion, ka hoʻomaka ʻana o German EV Sono Motors, ke kanaka nunui waiwai Swiss Glencore, a me Huayu Cobalt o Kina.
Ke nānā nei iā Iapana, ʻo Sumitomo Metal Mining Co., Ltd., ka mea nāna e kūʻai aku i nā mea electrode maikaʻi no nā pā lithium-ion i Panasonic, ua hoʻokumu i ka "Policy on Responsible Procurement of Cobalt Raw Materials" i ʻAukake 2020 a hoʻomaka i ka hoʻoikaika a me ka nānā ʻana.lalo.
I ka wā e hiki mai ana, ʻoiai e hoʻomaka ana nā ʻoihana nui i nā papahana eli i hoʻokele pono ʻia i kēlā me kēia, pono nā limahana e lawe i nā pilikia a luʻu i loko o nā mines liʻiliʻi, a e emi mālie ka noi.
ʻO ka nele o ka cobalt
I kēia manawa, liʻiliʻi ka helu o nā EV, me ka huina o 7 miliona wale nō, me 2.1 miliona i kūʻai ʻia ma ka honua holoʻokoʻa ma 2019. Ma kekahi ʻaoʻao, ʻo ka nui o nā kaʻa kaʻa ma ka honua i ʻōlelo ʻia he 1 biliona a i ʻole 1,3 biliona. a inā hoʻopau ʻia nā kaʻa ʻaila a hoʻololi ʻia me nā EV i ka wā e hiki mai ana, e koi ʻia ka nui o ka cobalt cobalt oxide a me ka cobalt hydroxide.
ʻO ka nui o ka cobalt i hoʻohana ʻia i nā pā uila EV i 2019 he 19,000 tons, ʻo ia hoʻi he awelika o 9 kg o ka cobalt e pono ai i kēlā me kēia kaʻa.ʻO ka hana ʻana i 1 biliona EV me 9 kg i kēlā me kēia mea e pono ai he 9 miliona tons o ka cobalt, akā ʻo ka nui o ka mālama ʻana o ka honua he 7.1 miliona tons wale nō, a e like me ka mea i ʻōlelo ʻia ma ka hoʻomaka, 100,000 tons ma nā ʻoihana ʻē aʻe i kēlā me kēia makahiki.No ka mea he metala ia i hoʻohana nui ʻia, ʻike ʻia ka pau ʻana e like me ia.
Manaʻo ʻia ka ulu ʻana o nā kūʻai EV he ʻumi i ka makahiki 2025, me ka koi makahiki o 250,000 tonnes, e komo pū ana me nā pihi kaʻa, nā ʻāpana kūikawā a me nā hoʻohana ʻē aʻe.ʻOiai inā e hoʻohaʻahaʻa ʻia ke koi EV, e pau ana ia i nā mea mālama i ʻike ʻia i kēia manawa i loko o 30 mau makahiki.
E kūʻē i kēia kāʻei kua, ke hana ikaika nei nā mea hoʻomohala pākaukau i ke ao a me ka pō pehea e hōʻemi ai i ka nui o ka cobalt.No ka laʻana, ke hoʻomaikaʻi ʻia nei nā ʻeke NMC e hoʻohana ana i ka nickel, manganese, a me ka cobalt e NMC111 (nickel, manganese, a me ka cobalt he 1: 1. Ua hoʻemi mau ʻia ka nui o ka cobalt mai 1: 1) i NMC532 a me NMC811, a me NMC9. 5.5 (ʻo ka lākiō kobalt he 0.5) ke kūkulu ʻia nei.
ʻO ka NCA (nickel, cobalt, aluminika) i hoʻohana ʻia e Tesla ua ʻoki ʻia ka ʻike cobalt i ka 3%, akā ʻo ka Model 3 i hana ʻia ma Kina e hoʻohana ana i ka cobalt-free lithium iron phosphate battery (LFP).Aia kekahi mau māka i ʻāpono ʻia.ʻOiai ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi o LFP i ka NCA ma ke ʻano o ka hana, aia nā hiʻohiʻona o nā mea haʻahaʻa, lako paʻa, a me ke ola lōʻihi.
A ma ka "Tesla Battery Day" i hoʻonohonoho ʻia mai 6:30 am ma Kepakemapa 23, 2020 ma Kina manawa, e hoʻolaha ʻia kahi pākaukau cobalt-free hou, a e hoʻomaka ia i ka hana nui me Panasonic i kekahi mau makahiki.Manaʻo ʻia.
Ma ke ala, ma Iapana, ua huikau pinepine ʻia nā "metala laha ʻole" a me "nā ʻāina ʻole".Hoʻohana ʻia nā metala liʻiliʻi i ka ʻoihana no ka mea "he mea nui ka mālama ʻana i kahi lako paʻa ma ke ʻano o ke kulekele ma waena o nā metala nona ka nui o ka honua i kakaʻikahi a paʻakikī paha e unuhi ma muli o nā kumu ʻenehana a me nā kumu waiwai (Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry)".He metala non-ferrous ia i hoʻohana pinepine ʻia, a he huaʻōlelo maʻamau no nā ʻano he 31 e like me ka lithium, titanium, chromium, cobalt, nickel, platinum, a me nā honua laha.ʻO kēia mau mea, ua kapa ʻia nā ʻāina laha ʻole, a ua wehewehe ʻia nā ʻano 17 e like me neodymium a me dysprosium i hoʻohana ʻia no nā magnet mau loa.
Ma ke kumu o ka nele o ka punawai cobalt, ka pepa metala kobalt a me ka pauka, a me nā pūhui cobalt e like me ka cobaltous chloride a hiki i ka hexaamminecobalt(III) chloride he pōkole.
Hoʻomaha kuleana mai ka cobalt
Ke piʻi aʻe nei ka hana e pono ai no nā EV, ua manaʻo ʻia ʻo nā ʻaʻa ʻaʻole koi i ka cobalt, e like me nā paʻa paʻa a pau a me nā pā lithium-sulfur, e ulu aʻe i ka wā e hiki mai ana, no laila ʻaʻole mākou e manaʻo e pau nā kumuwaiwai .Eia naʻe, ʻo ia hoʻi, e hāʻule ke koi no ka cobalt i kahi wahi.
E hiki mai ana ka hoʻololi ʻana i loko o 5 a 10 mau makahiki ma mua loa, a ʻaʻole makemake nā ʻoihana mining nui e hana i nā hoʻopukapuka wā lōʻihi i ka cobalt.Eia naʻe, no ka mea ke ʻike nei mākou i ka hopena, makemake mākou i nā miners kūloko e haʻalele i kahi ʻoihana hana palekana ma mua o ka pahu cobalt.
A pono e hana hou ʻia nā pākahi o nā kaʻa uila i kēia manawa ma ka mākeke ma hope o ka pau ʻana o kā lākou mau hana ma hope o 10 a 20 mau makahiki, ʻo ia hoʻi ʻo Redwood i hoʻokumu ʻia e Sumitomo Metals a me ka luna ʻenehana mua o Tesla ʻo JB Strobel.-Ua hoʻokumu mua nā mea hana a me nā mea ʻē aʻe i ka ʻenehana hoʻolaʻa cobalt a e hoʻohana hou iā ia me nā kumuwaiwai ʻē aʻe.
ʻOiai ke piʻi nei ka noi no kekahi mau kumuwaiwai no ka manawa pōkole i ke kaʻina o ka evolution o nā kaʻa uila, e alo mākou i ka hoʻomau a me nā pono kanaka o nā limahana e like me ka cobalt, a ʻaʻole e kūʻai i ka huhū o Kobolts e hūnā ana i loko o ke ana.Makemake au e hoʻopau i kēia moʻolelo me ka manaʻolana e lilo i ʻahahui.